Modern Pagan Witchcraft, most commonly known as Wicca, is the oldest recorded and most influential of the major traditions that make up Paganism, one of the most dynamic forms of religion in the modern Western world. It was first announced to that world by a retired colonial civil servant called Gerald Gardner, and its liturgy was decisively shaped and augmented by Doreen Valiente. This talk is designed to highlight the contribution made to Paganism by each of them and to sum up their very different characters and ways of working. At basis, it aims to answer two big questions about both: what were they like, and why do they matter?